1. Choose the correct option from the given options and complete the statements.

(1) The first open heart surgery under the leadership of Dr N Gopinathan was successfully performed in the city of _____

(a) Chennai 

(b) Vellore

(c) Hyderabad 

(d) Mumbai

Ans: (b) Vellore

(2) _____ is known as the father of the ‘Jaipur foot’.

(a) Dr N. Gopinathan

(b) Dr Pramod Sethi 

(c) Dr Mohan Rao

(d) None of the above

Ans: (b) Dr Pramod Sethi 

2. Identify and write the wrong pair. 

(1) Dr N. Gopinathan – open heart surgery

(2) Ramchandra Sharma – a skilled craftsman

(3) Dr Subhash Mukhopadhyaya – test tube baby

(4) Dr Mohan Rao – polio

Ans: Wrong Pair: Dr Mohan Rao – polio

3. Write short notes on-

(1) The Institution of family 

Ans: 

(i) During the pre-independence period, the institution of the family was an important identifying feature of Indian society.

(ii) India was known all over the world as the country of joint families.

(iii) However, the wave of globalisation has now given impetus to the system of nuclear families.

(2) Jaipur foot technology 

Ans: 

(i) Before 1968, if a person lost a leg in an accident, he had to suffer for the rest of his life. 

(ii) In order to remedy the situation, Dr. Pramod Sethi designed and manufactured artificial limbs, noses, and ears with the help of the skilled craftsman Ramchandra Sharma. 

(iii) The artificial body parts manufactured with the help of the Jaipur foot technology have made it easy for the differently abled to walk barefoot on rough surfaces, run, go cycling, work in the fields, climb trees, and even climb mountains, etc. 

(iv) They save on shoe expenses as there is no need for footwear on these artificial limbs. 

(v) They can bend their legs at the knees and sit cross-legged. These feet are also convenient while working in water or wet conditions.

(3) Urbanisation 

Ans: 

(i) Urbanisation is the process of concentrating the population in a city or urban area. 

(ii) The increasing population is one major reason for urbanisation. 

(iii) A few other factors affecting urbanisation are air, water, and the economic as well as social organisations necessary for community life.

(iv) In the context of post-independence India, the increase in urban population is also due to factors such as a reduction in the mortality rate, industrialisation, the unavailability of means of livelihood in rural areas, job opportunities in cities, and the resulting migration.  

(4) Changing economic life

Ans: 

(i) Earlier, every village was economically self-sufficient.

(ii) A majority of the villagers were dependent on farming.

(iii) Farm products used to be distributed among artisans as payment for their work. Now this situation has changed.

(iv) Rural areas are engaged in agriculture and occupations ancillary to farming, while urban society is engaged in non-agricultural production and the service sector.

4. Explain the following statements with reasons.

(1) The campaign for pulse polio immunisation was taken up.

Ans:

(i) The campaign of pulse polio immunisation was initiated because, before 1978, every year, six Indian infants out of every 10 who were born prematurely faced fatal health problems in the very first year of their lives.

(ii) The immunisation programme was taken up to overcome the threat of polio, measles, tetanus, TB, diphtheria, and whooping cough.

(iii) The “pulse polio” immunisation programme started in 1995 has controlled polio.

(2) The Rural Water Supply scheme was started.

Ans: 

The state started the rural water supply scheme for sinking wells and providing piped water because:

(i) It is necessary to give priority to facilities for public hygiene and health care. However, even today, the rural population faces problems related to the year-round provision of drinking water, toilets, open drainage, narrow roads, inadequate electrification, and a lack of facilities for medical treatment.

(ii) There is a lack of good-quality educational facilities from the primary level to higher education, centres for recreation, and libraries.

(iii) The collective development scheme had an important place in all the first four and five-year plans of the government of India. The state of Maharashtra registered remarkable achievements under this scheme. By 1971, 1677 small dams had also been built.

5. Answer the following questions in detail.

(1) Which kinds of discrimination does the Constitution prohibit?

Ans: 

(i) According to our Constitution, all Indians are equal before the law, and they cannot be discriminated against on the basis of religion, race, caste, gender, or place of birth.

(ii) All citizens have the right to freedom of speech and expression, freedom to assemble peacefully without arms, freedom to form associations, freedom to move, to live and settle down anywhere on Indian territory, and to practice any occupation.

(iii) Indian citizens living anywhere in India enjoy the right to nurture their language, script, and culture.

(2) What is the aim of the social welfare programme ?

Ans: 

(i) The objective to establish the welfare state has been incorporated into the Constitution itself. 

(ii) The social welfare programmes aim to make opportunities for full-time employment, health care, education, and development available to all Indian citizens. Indian society is riddled with large-scale economic, social, educational, and cultural inequalities. 

(iii) However, it is necessary that opportunities for development reach women, children, the differently abled, the scheduled castes and tribes, as well as other minorities.

(iv) Hence, on June 14, 1964, the government of India constituted the Ministry of Social Welfare. Under this ministry, various programmes were implemented for nutrition and child development, social security and social protection, and women’s welfare and development. 

(3) What are the challenges facing rural development ?

Ans: 

(i) In 1961, 82% of India’s population resided in villages. In 1971, the percentage was 80.01%. 

(ii) So far, the rural area has assumed the responsibility of providing food grains and other raw materials to urban areas, supplying labour to the industrial sectors of the city, and taking care of natural resources. 

(iii) However, there are three major challenges with reference to rural development, namely, bringing about economic development, developing facilities to meet social needs, and finally bringing about a change of attitude in matters concerning society, culture, and ways of thinking. 

(iv) It is also equally necessary to expedite irrigation projects and bring about land reforms.

6. Write a brief review of the significant events in the field of public health in India.

Ans: 

(i) The primary duties of the state are outlined in the Indian Constitution as raising the standard of living, ensuring a healthy diet, and promoting public health.

(ii) With the aid of the sixth five-year plan, efforts were made to assist people in maintaining good health by recognising unani, homoeopathy, ayurveda, and naturopathy in addition to allopathy.

(iii) The successful completion of the open-heart surgery at the Christian Medical College hospital in Vellore was also made possible by advances in technology and the medical field.

(iv) The creation of artificial body parts made possible by the Jaipur Foot technology also changed the lives of people with disabilities.

(v) A significant milestone was the successful completion of a kidney transplant in 1971 at Vellore’s Christian Medical College Hospital.

(vi) Since 1978, the support of “test-tube baby technology” has greatly aided childless couples across the nation. It was the first attempt at artificial conception, and it was successfully completed in Kolkata under close supervision.

(vii) The immunisation programme was started in 1995 to protect infants from potentially fatal medical conditions such as polio, measles, tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough, etc.