Chapter 10 - Urbanisation
Q 1. Suggest measures for the following problems:
(A) The slums in the cities are increasing.
Ans:
(i) Local self-government should provide basic necessities to the slums.
(ii) More employment must be generated by the government.
(iii) Education must be provided at a very low cost so that everyone can afford it and make a better living for themselves.
(B) Because of the increasing traffic jams within the city, lot of time is consumed in commuting.
Ans:
(i) A better public transportation system should be installed to reduce the number of private vehicles.
(ii) Roads should be built wider, and they should be repaired annually after the monsoon season.
(C) The question of law and order in the urban areas is serious.
Ans:
(i) Corruption and bribery are two problems that need to be dealt with in India.
(ii) A strong judicial system and strict implementation are required.
(D) The problem of pollution is grave because of urbanisation.
Ans:
(i) New and stricter rules and regulations should be implemented by the government.
(ii) A better public transportation system will reduce the number of private vehicles, which will lead to less pollution.
(E) Migration has created questions of health and education in urban areas.
Ans:
(i) Basic necessities should be provided by local governing bodies to people living in slums.
(ii) Education should be provided at an affordable cost.
Q 2. Match the correct pairs :
| Group A | Group B |
|---|---|
(1) Technological development and mechanisation | (A) Urban areas |
(2) Permanently staying away from your original place | (B) Lack of planning |
(3) 75% males are engaged in non-agricultural occupation | (C) Migration |
(4) The problems of solid waste | (D) Urbanisation |
Ans:
| Group A | Group B |
|---|---|
(1) Technological development and mechanisation | (D) Urbanisation |
(2) Permanently staying away from your original place | (C) Migration |
(3) 75% males are engaged in non-agricultural occupation | (A) Urban areas |
(4) The problems of solid waste | (B) Lack of planning |
Q 3. Outline the importance / advantages of the following:
(A) Technology and mechanisation
Ans:
(i) Technology and mechanisation increase industrial production, create employment, and are useful for urbanisation.
(ii) In recent decades, the use of technology and mechanisation has increased in agriculture.
(iii) Due to the mechanisation of agriculture, the surplus manpower employed in agriculture has become devoid of agricultural work.
(iv) This working class started coming to cities to look for work, and as a result, the urban population started increasing.
(B) Trade
Ans:
(i) When a place in a region is favourable in terms of transport, loading, unloading, and storage of goods, it develops into a trade centre.
(ii) This leads to the growth of business complexes, banks, credit societies, godowns, cold storage facilities, houses, etc.
(iii) For example, Nagpur’s central location has facilitated trade and hence urbanisation has also taken place here.
(C) Industrialisation
Ans:
(i) Industrialization leads to an increase in the hopes of people who are attracted to the industries from surrounding areas for employment.
(ii) The rapid growth of Mumbai in the 19th century was due to the textile mills that were started here.
(iii) Many fishing villages (Koliwadas) became part of the Mumbai metropolitan area due to industrialization and urbanisation.
(D) Amenities in urban areas
Ans:
(i) Urbanization leads to the development of a number of amenities and facilities in urban areas.
(ii) Transportation, communication, educational facilities, medical facilities, a fire department, various sources of entertainment, etc. are examples of amenities in urban areas.
(iii) A good transportation system not only makes a journey easier but also has a positive effect on freight transport, the development of markets, trade, etc.
(iv) The development of higher educational facilities in urban areas attracts students from rural areas to urban areas, for example, Pune.
(v) The development of high-quality medical facilities in urban areas attracts many patients and their family members from different parts of India to these areas.
(E) Social harmony in the cities
Ans:
(i) Social harmony refers to the exchange of cultural and social customs and traditions as people from different parts of the world live together in the cities.
(ii) An increase in urbanisation leads to an increase in secondary, tertiary, and quaternary occupations.
(iii) This results in an increase in employment opportunities due to the fact that people from different parts of the country come to cities and there is an exchange of customs and traditions.
Q 4. Compare the following and give examples:
(A) Transportation system and traffic jams
Ans:
(i) People commute for businesses and industries, such as trade, jobs, education, etc.
(ii) The public transportation system is insufficient, which results in an increase in traffic jams and a lot of time spent travelling from one place to another.
(iii) For example, in the city of Mumbai, the roads are eroded by rainfall every year, resulting in traffic jams on almost every road.
(B) Industrialisation and air pollution
Ans:
(i) Industrialization refers to the growth in the number of industries in a particular region.
(ii) As more and more industries grow, it becomes convenient for the industries to violate the environmental laws.
(iii) Lack of facilities and insensitivity towards the environment are the other factors that lead to an increase in the pollution level.
(iv) Hence, industrialization and air pollution are two sides of the same coin.
(v) For example, Delhi, Faridabad, and Varanasi are the victims of rapid industrialization leading to severe air pollution.
(C) Migration and slums
Ans:
(i) People who migrate don’t always get jobs. This leads to low or no income, which makes their access to proper living conditions impossible; hence, slums are formed.
(ii) For example, due to people migrating from parts of India to Mumbai, the city now has the second-largest slum on the Asian continent and the third-largest slum in the world, which is home to 1 million people called Dharavi.
(D) Amenities and increasing crime rate
Ans:
(i) The people who have migrated do not always find employment in the cities.
(ii) Some of them look for means to earn money through illegal means. This leads to an increase in the crime rate in the cities.
(iii) Thefts, burglaries, scuffles, and murders are the crimes that happen in the cities, which disturb the social harmony.
(iv) For example, pickpocketing in the local trains
Q 5. Complete the table :
| Process of urbanisation | Effects |
|---|---|
Emergence of slums | Illegal settlements Insufficient facilities |
Increase in population because of attraction of good lifestyle
Can be short-term or long-term | |
Pollution | |
Employment opportunities were generated Increase in amenities and facilities | |
Change from rural to urban |
Ans:
| Process of urbanisation | Effects |
|---|---|
Emergence of slums | Illegal settlements Insufficient facilities |
Migration | Increase in population because of attraction of good lifestyle
Can be short-term or long-term |
Pollution | Long term health effects Unhygienic living conditions |
Industrialisation | Employment opportunities were generated Increase in amenities and facilities |
Change from rural to urban | Formation of Municipal Corporation, increase in amenities and facilities, development of occupations, modernisation |
Q 6. Explain:
(A) The growth of cities takes place in a specific method.
Ans:
(i) To update the cities using information technology and to handle the assets of urban areas easily, a scheme called “The Smart City” came into being.
(ii) The main aim of this programme is to collect information regarding various aspects of the city through the use of ICT and carry out the planned development of the cities.
(iii) This can be used to strengthen the transportation and communication systems of the city; it also includes response to emergency systems in moments of crisis.
(B) A planned city of your imagination
Ans:
(i) Smart city with extensive use of ICT in service delivery.
(ii) Green buildings with a minimal carbon footprint.
(iii) More green spaces and tree belts.
(iv) Rehabilitation of slums and integration of those communities with mainstream society through the provision of affordable education and healthcare.
(v) Promoting public transportation and ensuring last-mile connectivity.
(vi) Proper implementation of law and order in the city.
(C) Industrialisation causes cities to develop.
Ans:
(i) The development and concentration of industries in a region is a factor contributing to urbanization.
(ii) An increase in industries leads to an increase in the hopes of people who are attracted to these industries from surrounding areas.
(iii) This increases the speed of urbanisation.
(iv) Many villages that were originally fishing villages, like Koliwada, became part of the Mumbai metropolitan area because of industrialization and urbanisation.
(D) Pollution- A problem
Ans:
(i) Pollution is a major problem in the cities.
(ii) It has adverse effects on human life.
(iii) Air pollution, noise pollution, and water pollution are clearly visible.
(iv) Increasing the development of the city, the paucity of facilities, and the breaking of laws make pollution a big problem.
(v) As cities grow, pollution also increases.
(E) Swachchh Bharat Abhiyan
Ans:
(i) Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is a campaign by the government of India to clean the streets, roads, and infrastructure of Indian cities.
(ii) Swachh Bharat Abhiyan translates to “Clean India Initiative” in English.
(iii) This campaign was launched on October 2, 2014, at Rajghat, New Delhi, by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
(iv) It is India’s largest drive ever.
Q 7. Suggest measures for the following problems of urbanisation shown in the following pictures.
Ans:
(i) Switching from coal and oil to natural gas as fuel in the industries.
(ii) Industrial areas should be located at a safe distance from residential areas.
Ans:
(i) Follow the limits of the noise level.
(ii) Shut the door when using noisy machines.
(iii) To restrict noise pollution, lower the volume of horns, loudspeakers, etc.
Ans:
(i) Avoid disposing of and littering with solid waste in the open.
(ii) Follow the principle of the 4 R’s (reduce, recycle, repair, and reuse) for non-biodegradable things.
(iii) Segregation of dry waste and wet waste for proper disposal.
Ans:
(i) Sewage should not be allowed to mix with water sources without getting treated.
(ii) Avoid mixing industrial wastes and effluents directly into water sources.
(iii) Daily household chores should be avoided at water sources.