Maharashtra Board Textbook Solutions for Standard Ten

Chapter 1.4 – All the World’s a Stage

The poet narrates the seven ages of life by comparing the world to a stage and each one of us to actors playing an individual role on that stage of life. Our entrance is our birth, and our exit is our death. In a lifetime, each one of us plays many parts, and each part is compared to an act in a play. The first stage is that of an infant who cries, vomiting on the nurse’s arms. In the second stage, as a schoolboy, he drags himself unwillingly to school. In the third stage, man, as a lover, sighs in separation and writes poems about his beloved’s beauty. As a soldier, in the fourth stage, he is ready to take strange oaths. The poet compares him to a fierce leopard who is jealous of others’ honour and is very quick to quarrel. He is ready to risk his life for a short-lived reputation by jumping in front of a cannon. The fifth stage is the justice stage, well-fed with chicken. His appearance is formal, and he looks mature. He uses wise sayings, proverbs, and examples from the modern age. This is where he has reached middle age and gained maturity. Old age is the sixth stage of a man’s life, where he wears pantaloons and slippers on his feet. He is now thin, lean, and weak, and his eyesight too has become weak. His manly voice has turned into the shrill voice of a child. When he speaks, it appears as if he were playing a pipe or as if he were whistling (due to gaps in his teeth, some of which have fallen out). The last stage of a man’s life is dotage. In this stage, he is a bit senile, completely dependent on others, and helpless like a child, as he is now nearing death. This is the stage of second childhood, and like a child, at this stage a man needs help with everything. He loses his teeth, eye sight, and taste, and he becomes forgetful. This completes his part in the play of life, as after this he leaves the stage, or in other words, he dies.

Title : All the World’s a Stage


Poet : William Shakespeare


Rhyme Scheme :
Blank verse, i.e., no rhyme scheme, but there is a steady rhythm of five beats in each line.

 

Favourite Lines:
All the world’s a stage,
And all the men and women merely players;
They have their exits and their entrances,


Theme/Central Idea:
The theme of the poem is the cycle of life. The poem is satirical and melancholic in tone. Shakespeare has vividly described all the stages of man, comparing him to a snail, a leopard, a soldier, and a judge, among other things. This gives the reader a rich visual feel for the poem. The poem implies the meaning that man should not be too proud when young, as he has to grow old.

Figures of Speech:
There are many figures of speech, like Simile, Alliteration, and Repetition, but the one that stands out is Metaphor. In the lines “All the world’s a stage, And all the men and women merely players;”, there is an implied comparison between two different things.


Special Features:
This is an imagery-narrative style used by the poet that gives continuity to the poem, where one stage smoothly goes to the next.


Why I like the poem:
I like the poem because it is a beautifully descriptive allegory that teaches us how to enjoy and appreciate every stage and moment of our lives and make the most of what we have.

players : actors

puking : throwing up, vomitting

satchel : school bag

woeful ballad : sad poem/song

pard : poetical short form of ‘leopard’

cannon’s mouth : facing great danger to life

with good capon lined : with excess fat from careless eating habits

saws : sayings

youthful hose : closefitting covering for legs

shank : legs (knee to ankle)

treble : (here) three times weaker than

second childishness : a return to the helpless, ignorant state of a child

oblivion : the state of being unaware or unconscious of surroundings and happenings

sans : without

Warming up!

1. Pair work

Talk to your friend about all the things related to ‘Seven.’

For example : Seven wonders of the world.

Pair up with your partner and name those given below all of the under :

(a) The seven wonders of the world

Ans: Great Wall of China, the Taj Mahal, the Leaning Tower of Pisa, the Statue of Liberty, the Eiffel Tower and the Pyramids of Egypt.

 

(b) The seven continents

Ans: Asia, Antarctica, North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Australia.

 

(c) The seven colours of the rainbow

Ans: Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red.

 

(d) The seven notes of the music

Ans: Shadja, Rishabh, Gandhar, Madhyam, Pancham, Dhaivat, Nishadha in classical music. These are shortened to Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha Ni in Hindustani music.

 

(e) The seven seas of the world

Ans: Arctic Ocean, Indian Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, North Pacific Ocean, South Atlantic Ocean, South Pacific Ocean, and the Southern Ocean.

2. Life is often compared to many things. Write down 7 things that life can be compared to and justify the comparison. For example,

(a) Life is a keyboard, because if you press the right keys you have typed a good destiny.

Ans: 

(b) Life is a rollercoaster ride, sometimes it takes you up and sometimes it takes you down. But it’s a fun ride in the end and full of exciting experiences.

(c) Life is a canvas, you get to choose the colours and paint it the way you like.

(d) Life is a mountain, you have to work hard to get to the top, but the view from there is worth the climb.

(e) Life is like a flute. It all depends on how you play it.

(f) Life is like a song with notes that are high and low. But it takes both to make it melodious.

(g) Life is like an onion. You peel off layer after layer. Sometimes it makes you weep.

3. Match the approximate ages with the stages.

Age-group Stages
1. Birth to 2 years
a. teenage/adolescence
2. 3 years to 12 years
b. old age/second childhood
3. 13 years to 17 years
c. middle-age
4. 18 years to about 44 years
d. babyhood/infancy
5. About 45 years to 60 years
e. senior citizen/elderly person
6. 65 years up to 75 to 80 years
f. adulthood
7. Above 80 years
g. childhood

Ans:

Age-group Stages
1. Birth to 2 years
d. babyhood/infancy
2. 3 years to 12 years
g. childhood
3. 13 years to 17 years
a. teenage/adolescence
4. 18 years to about 44 years
f. adulthood
5. About 45 years to 60 years
c. middle-age
6. 65 years up to 75 to 80 years
e. senior citizen/elderly person
7. Above 80 years
b. old age/second childhood

In Between The poetry

Q1. What do ‘exits’ and ‘entrances’ refer to?

Ans: ‘Exits’ refer to the death of people or their departure from this world and ‘entrances’ refer to their birth, or entry into the world. This is an extension of the metaphor ‘the world is a stage’.

 

Q2. What is the major difference noticed in the 5th and 6th stage of life?

Ans: The major difference between stages five and six is the change in physical appearance as man is reduced from having a belly to becoming extremely thin and he has a changed voice as well.

ENGLISH WORKSHOP

1. Read the words in given clouds. Match them with what they signify.

IMG 20230611 183938 Chapter 1.4 – All the World’s a Stage

Ans:

Stage – Life

Characters – Roles played by human beings

Script – Situation incidents

Dialogues – Conversation

Entry – Birth

Exit – Death

2. Read the poem carefully and complete the following table.

IMG 20230611 184818 1 Chapter 1.4 – All the World’s a Stage

Ans:

Ages of Man Role Qualities/Actions
1.
Infant
1. mewling
2. puking
2.
School boy
1. whining
2. creeping like a snail
3.
Teenager (Lover)
1. sighing like a furnace
2. writing a woeful ballad
4.
Youth (Soldier)
1. jealous in honour, short tempered and quick to quarrel
2. willing to do anything to gain reputation
5.
Middle age (Judge)
1. severe eyes, formal beard
2. uses wise sayings and modern examples
6.
Old age
1. lean, wears loose pants and spectacles and carries a pouch
2. childish whistling voice
7.
Dotage (Second Childhood)
1. second childishness
2. without teeth, eyesight and taste

3. Write down in your own words the differences between the following stages of a man’s life.

2nd stage and 4th stage

Ans: In the second stage, as a school boy, he carries his school bag and creeps unwillingly to school whining all the way. In contrast, as a solider in the 4th stage, he takes strange oaths and has a beard like a leopard. He is jealous of others’ successes and gets into quarrels at the drop of a hat. He is willing to put his life in danger to gain temporary reputation.

 

3rd stage and 5th stage 

Ans: In the 3rd stage, as a lover he sighs like a furnace in separation. He writes sad poems and describes his beloved’s beauty. In the 5th stage, however, he is the judge who has a fair round belly, as he is well fed and full. He has severe eyes and his beard is formal. He uses wise sayings and gives examples to explain his points.

 

1st stage and 7th (last) stage 

Ans: In the first stage, the infant mewls and vomits in the nurse’s arms. In the last stage, i.e. old age, he experiences second childhood. He is without proper eyesight and taste. He needs help with everything he does just like he did as an infant. Therefore, these two stages are strangely similar. It is like going back to the first stage one started from when one was born.

4. Pick out lines that contain Imagery (a picture created in the mind by using words) of the following people.

(a) School boy (2nd stage)

Ans: Then the whining schoolboy, with his satchel, and shining morning face, creeping like a snail unwillingly to school.

 

(b) Soldier (4th stage)

Ans: Bearded like the pard, sudden and quick in quarrel.

 

(c) Judge (5th stage)

Ans: In fair round belly with good capon lined, with eyes severe and beard of formal cut.

 

(d) Senior citizen (6th stage)

Ans: Into the lean and slippered pantaloon, with spectacle on nose and pouch on side.

5. You will notice that there is no Rhyme-scheme in the poem. It appears similar to the poem 1.1 ‘Where the Mind is Without Fear’ by Tagore.

However Tagore’s poem has no steady rhythm/meter either; it is called Free Verse. Shakespeare uses lines with a steady rhythm of 5 beats in each. It is termed as Blank Verse. (No rhyme-scheme but uniformity in rhythm) 

Copy the lines from “Ánd all the men and women merely players” to “sudden and quick in quarrel”. Put a stress mark on each of the syllables stressed in the lines as – for example, And áll the men and women merely players; 

Ans: 

And all the men and women merely players 

They have their exits and their entrances

And one man in his time plays many parts 

His acts being seven ages. At first, the infant 

Mewling and puking in the nurses arms 

Then the whining schoolboy with his satchel 

And shining morning face creeping like snail

Unwillingly to school. And then the lover 

Sighing like a furnace with a woeful ballad 

Made to his mistress eyebrow. Then a soldier 

Full of strange oaths and bearded like the pard 

Jealous in honour sudden and quick in quarrel

6. Think and write on your own.

(a) What is the theme/central idea of this poem ?

Ans: The theme/central idea of the poem is that just like characters in a play perform their role and make an exit, in life, we must play our parts and make an exit. Our entrance and exit in this world is predetermined and we have no control over it but we can do our best with what we have control over i.e. choose to play our parts or roles well. The duration of our role is not important; what is important is the impact we leave on everyone’s heart and mind while we are here by playing our parts well.

 

(b) Which two stages of man, described by Shakespeare, sound humorous ? Say why.

Ans: The fifth stage when the man is a justice and the sixth stage is humorous. Shakespeare has used vivid imagery to describe these two stages. The sight of a round-bellied justice using wise sayings and examples invokes humour. Similarly, we can actually visualise the senior citizen in loose pantaloons, spectacles on the nose and a pouch on his side. This adds humour to the otherwise serious poem.

 

(c) The last (7th) stage of life sounds very sad and miserable. How can you make old age also cheerful and happy?

Ans: We can make old age cheerful and happy by living our lives to the fullest right from the time we are young. We should make sure to create enough cheerful memories when we are young, so that during the olden days, we have a smile on our faces. Moreover, knowing that death is inevitable and accepting old age with grace is the way to a happy life.

7. (A) The poem is entirely metaphorical. Pick out the comparisons from the poem.

(a) world

Ans: stage

 

(b) actors

Ans: men and women

 

(c) birth and death

Ans: entrance and exit

 

(d) school boy

Ans: snail

 

(e) the lover’s sigh

Ans: furnace

 

(f) spotted leopard

Ans: soldier

 

(g) last stage (old age)

Ans: second childhood

(B) Pick out from the poem two examples of each.

(a) Simile 

Ans: 

(1) creeping like snail

(2) And then the lover sighing like furnace

 

(b) Onomatopoeia 

Ans: 

(1) Then the whining schoolboy

(2) And whistles in his sound

 

(c) Alliteration 

Ans: 

(1) His youthful hose, well saved a world too wide

(2) Made to his mistress’ eyebrows

 

(d) Metaphor 

Ans: 

(1) All the world’s a stage

(2) And all men and women merely players

 

(e) Inversion 

Ans: 

(1) And one man plays many parts in his time

(2) Creeping like snail, unwillingly to school

 

(f) Transferred Epithet 

Ans: 

(1) With a woeful ballad

(2) Into the lean and slippered pantaloon

8. Read the summary of the play ‘As You Like It’ by William Shakespeare using the Internet. Find out which character has narrated the above poem and on what occasion. Also, make a list of all the characters of the play.

Ans: Students must do this on their own.

9. Read the poem again and write an appreciation of the poem in a paragraph format. (Refer to page no. 5)

Ans: In the poem, ‘All The World’s A Stage’ William Shakespeare has compared the stages in the life of man to roles an actor would play on a theatre stage. All men and women, take an entrance as they are born and exit the stage of life as they die.

 

There is no rhyme scheme but the poem is in iambic pentameter. Some significant figures of speech are Simile, Metaphor, Alliteration and Personification. Metaphor is used throughout as the poet compares the world to a stage and uses different comparisons for the stages of human life. The poem is satirical and melancholic in tone. Shakespeare has vividly described all the stages of man comparing him to a snail, a leopard, a soldier and a judge, among other things. This gives the reader a rich visual feel of the poem. The poem implies the meaning that man should not be too proud when young as he has to grow old.

 

My favourite lines are ‘And all the men and women are merely players. They have their exits and their entrances’.

 

I like the poem because it is a beautifully descriptive allegory that teaches us how to enjoy and appreciate every stage and moment of our lives and make the most of what we have.