3. Explain the following statements with reasons.

(1) Cricket began to be played all over India, to a greater or smaller extent.

Ans:

(i) Cricket began to be played all over India, to a greater or lesser extent, because in 1983, the Indian team won the World Cup for cricket, under the captaincy of Kapil Dev.

(ii) It was a historic victory. Cricket instantly won great popularity across the country.

(iii) In the same year, Sunil Gavaskar broke the earlier record for most centuries in test cricket.

(iv) In 1985, India won the “Benson and Hedges” World Championship of Cricket.

(v) As a result, cricket came to be played in all states to a lesser or greater extent, but at the cost of indigenous Indian games.

(2) The economy of movies is changing.

Ans: 

(i) Movies in foreign languages are now translated. And a short Hindi translation appears as subtitles in English movies.

(ii) Hindi movies now compete with “global” movies as they have reached every nook and cranny of the world. We see a reflection of politics, social events, industry, and technology in the movies.

(iii) Movies that were once 3–4 hours long are now only one or one and a half hours long. Moreover, the concept of one screen and one cinema hall has given way to multiplexes.

(iv) The days of a movie running for 100 weeks in one cinema hall are over. Now one movie runs in thousands of cinema halls in India and abroad simultaneously.

(v) This development has changed the economy of movies. The production of movies has attained the status of an industry.

(vi) The industry now employs thousands of people. The movie industry in regional languages is also thriving. Therefore, the economy of movies is changing.

4. Answer the following questions in detail.

(1) Why is it necessary to keep alive the dialects of Indian languages?

Ans: 

(i) Hindi, Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannad, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Marathi, Odiya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali, and Sindhi are the official languages in India. 

(ii) These Indian languages also have dialects, but their numbers are now on the decline.

(iii) Hence, timely steps should be taken to nurture them; otherwise, we will lose an important part of our heritage. 

(iv) Also, the English language has been gaining ground in India due to the process of globalization, which began after 1990. 

(v) As learning English opens doors to multiple job opportunities, Indians are at the forefront of learning English. 

(vi) However, it is necessary to ensure that this process does not endanger the very existence of regional languages.

(2) Elaborate upon the changing form of newspapers.

Ans: 

(i) During the early post-independence period, the newspapers were expected to not only give the news of daily events, but also give impetus to industry and commerce by printing advertisements. 

(ii) Earlier, newspapers were black and white. With the changing times, colour printing became common.

(iii) Earlier, newspapers were thought to be the mouthpieces of the taluka or district. Now they have to face tough competition from the State level newspaper chains.

(iv) The scope has enlarged to include raising funds for drought affected and flood affected people, helping meritorious students from lower income groups to go for higher education and organizing or sponsoring cultural programmes.

(3) Which changes have taken place in the medium of television?

Ans: 

(i) Television came to India during the post-independence period, and it was black and white. Now it is coloured. Earlier, it was limited to some selected programmes and fixed time slots.

(ii) Gradually, its scope was enlarged to include educational programmes, news bulletins, and detailed reporting of the tours of the president and the prime minister.

(iii) In 1998, STAR (Satellite Television Asia Region), a private media house, entered India, and the uninteresting, monotonous, and propagandist news telecasts of the early period underwent a sea change.

(iv) The language, the technique of presentation, studios equipped with the latest technology, and the use of OB (outdoor broadcasting) vans have expanded the scope of Indian TV channels still further and brought in transparency and variety.