Chapter 8 - Economy and Occupations
1. Fill in the blank with appropriate word.
(a) India’s per capita income is less than Brazil due to _______.
(i) Low national income
(ii) Massive Population
(iii) Big family size
(iv) Low foodgrain production
Ans: (ii) Massive Population
(b) The economy of Brazil is mainly dependent on the _______ activities there.
(i) Primary
(ii) Secondary
(iii) Tertiary
(iv) Quaternary
Ans: (iii) Tertiary
(c) The economies of India and Brazil are of the _______ type.
(i) Undeveloped
(ii) Developed
(iii) Developing
(iv) Highly developed
Ans: (iii) Developing
2. Answer the following questions:
(a) Why has mining not developed in the western part of Brazil?
Ans:
(i) The western part of Brazil is mainly covered by the Amazon Basin which is unfit for human settlement.
(ii) Inaccessibility, poor transport links, unfavourable climate, heavy rainfall are the main barriers.
(iii) Moreover, lack of knowledge of potential reserves of resources, etc. is the other factor which has led to limitations in mining in the western part of Brazil.
(iv) Due to all these reasons, mining is not developed in the western part of Brazil.
(b) What are the similarities and differences in the fishing activities in Brazil and India?
Ans:
Similarities in the fishing activities in Brazil and India:
(a) Long Coastline:
Both Brazil and India have a long coastline of about 7400 kms and 7500 kms respectively which is favourable for fishing activities.
(b) Important for the Economy:
Fishing is important for the economies in both the countries as it helps in augmenting food supply, raising nutritional levels, generating employment and earning foreign exchange.
(c) Marine Fishing:
In both the countries, marine fishing has developed well.
Differences in the fishing activities in Brazil and India:
(a) Types of Fishing:
(i) Marine fishing and inland fishing are the two types of fishing
(ii) Brazil undertakes marine fishing on a large scale. Inland fishing is not developed, even though large numbers of rivers are there in Brazil.
(iii) In India, marine fishing contributes to 40% of its total annual fish production and inland fishing contributes 60% of its total annual fish production.
(b) Major Fishes:
(i) In Brazil, swordfish, shrimps, lobsters and sardines are mainly caught.
(ii) The major fishes in India’s western coast are sardines, mackerel, Bombay Duck and prawns.
(iii) On the eastern coast horse mackerels, clupeids. and silver bellies are mainly caught.
3. Give reasons:
(a) Per capita land availability is more in Brazil as compared to India.
Ans:
(i) India occupies 2.4% land area of the world and supports 17.5% of the world’s total population.
(ii) Brazil occupies 5.6% of land area of the world and supports 2.75% of the world’s total population.
(iii) Average density of population in India is about 382 persons per sq. km. (2011 census).
(iv) While the average density of population in Brazil is around 23 persons per sq. km. (As per 2010 census).
(v) Brazil’s population is lesser than India, and it occupies a larger land area than India. So, the per capita land availability is more in Brazil as compared to India.
(b) There is mixed economy in Brazil and India.
Ans:
(i) A mixed economy has co-existence of both, public and private sector and a balance is maintained between social welfare and profit maximisation.
(ii) India and Brazil got freedom from years of British and Portuguese colonialism.
(iii) Both are developing countries with very low Gross National Income and Per Capita Income.
(iv) To uplift scores of the weaker sections of the society, various government programmes are implemented and at the same time the spirit of entrepreneurship is encouraged.
(v) Hence, both Brazil and India are mixed economies.
4. Study the following graph and analyse in short.
Ans:
(i) The given graph shows the contribution of the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors to India’s and Brazil’s national income. Also shown is the percentage of population of both countries engaged in these sectors.
(ii) Both India and Brazil have the tertiary sector as a major contributor to their national incomes. But, in comparison, India has a lesser contribution of approx. 57% as compared to that of Brazil’s tertiary sector of approx. 67%.
(iii) The contribution of the secondary sector towards India’s national income is approx. 26%, which is slightly less than that of Brazil’s approx. 27.5%. Thus, they have almost the same percentage of contribution by the secondary sector towards the national income.
(iv) India’s primary sector contributes a much higher percentage towards its national income of about 17% as compared to Brazil’s primary sector contribution of 5.5%.
(v) Only about 24% of India’s population is engaged in the tertiary sector, whereas approx. 71% of Brazil’s population is engaged in its tertiary sector.
(vi) The percentage of people engaged in India’s secondary sector is 24%. The percentage of people engaged in Brazil’s secondary sector is approximately 19%.
(vii) 49% of India’s population is engaged in activities related to the primary sector, whereas Brazil’s population engaged in primary sector activities is only approx. 10%. All the above factors indicate that Brazil’s economy is more developed than India’s economy.