Chapter 4.2 – Revolutionary Steps in Surgery
Warming up!
1. Discuss in your class.
(1) Do you like to study science?
Ans: Yes, I really enjoy science classes. I have a great science teacher. It is a lot of fun experimenting and learning things in a hands-on way.
(2) What are the advantages of learning science?
Ans: The advantages of science are:
(i) It will make our lives easier.
(ii) It helps us organize our daily activities.
(iii) This helps our work be done faster.
(iv) It helps us communicate more easily with others.
(v) This helps us better know and understand other cultures and societies.
(3) Are robots truly useful to human beings? Why? Why not?
Ans: Yes, robots are very useful to human beings.
(i) In hazardous environments, robots are capable of doing work.
(ii) Heavy loads and toxic substances that are dangerous for humans can be handled by them, and they won’t get affected.
(iii) Robots never make mistakes in any work, as compared to humans.
(iv) The speed of robots is very fast.
(v) In a short time, they can produce a large quantity of goods.
(vi) They never take breaks and can work continuously for hours.
(4) How can we take help of robots in our daily life?
Ans: More and more people are relying on robots to perform household chores. Some of them are robot vacuum cleaners and kitchen robots, but we now have robots that cut the lawn in the garden or clean the bottom of the pool, robots that clean our windows, and even robots that iron our clothes. In addition, robotics has also allowed home automation (heating, lighting, blinds, or security systems). The common feature of all the uses of robotics is the simplification of tasks for human beings and the improvement of our daily lives thanks to this technology.
(5) Name some gadgets and appliances that we use in day-to-day life.
Ans:
(i) Home appliances such as refrigerators, a/c, washing machine, vacuum cleaner, microwave oven, etc.
(ii) Audio and Video Systems like headphones, DVD players, VCRs, microphones, colour TVs, loudspeakers, etc.
(iii) Gadgets like calculators, scanners, personal computers, printers, machines, etc.
(iv) Advanced consumer devices like setup box, dishwasher, ATM, smartphones, barcode scanners, POS-terminals, etc.
2. Imagine that one of your family members / friends / classmates has recently undergone a surgery. You were curious and wanted to learn about his/her experience.
Match the questions you asked with their answers.
| A | B |
|---|---|
1. What health problem did you suffer from? | a. I was given a bath and I wore a surgical gown. |
2. Whom did you inform about it first? | b. I was given an injection of anaesthesia. |
3. What type of doctor did you consult? | c. I consulted an orthopedic surgeon. |
4. How did he / she find out that you needed a surgery? | d. I was relieved and happy that the operation was over. |
5. What preparation was done before the surgery? | e. I had fractured my ankle while playing hockey. |
6. What did you feel when you were taken to the operation theatre? | f. No, I did not feel anything. I was fast asleep. |
7. What was the first step before the actual surgery? | g. I recovered and I could walk normally after 3 weeks. |
8. Did you feel any pain during the surgery? | h. Our school hockey coach |
9. What did you feel when you opened your eyes after the operation? | i. The doctor took an X-ray of my ankle,
and he found a fracture in my ankle. |
10. How soon did you recover? | j. I was very nervous. |
Ans:
| A | B |
|---|---|
1. What health problem did you suffer from? | e. I had fractured my ankle while playing hockey. |
2. Whom did you inform about it first? | h. Our school hockey coach |
3. What type of doctor did you consult? | c. I consulted an orthopedic surgeon. |
4. How did he / she find out that you needed a surgery? | i. The doctor took an X-ray of my ankle,
and he found a fracture in my ankle. |
5. What preparation was done before the surgery? | a. I was given a bath and I wore a surgical gown. |
6. What did you feel when you were taken to the operation theatre? | j. I was very nervous. |
7. What was the first step before the actual surgery? | b. I was given an injection of anaesthesia. |
8. Did you feel any pain during the surgery? | f. No, I did not feel anything. I was fast asleep. |
9. What did you feel when you opened your eyes after the operation? | d. I was relieved and happy that the operation was over. |
10. How soon did you recover? | g. I recovered and I could walk normally after 3 weeks. |
3. We have learnt that sentences may have two, three or more sets of subject + predicate, joined by a conjunction. Each set of subject and predicate that is a part of a larger sentence is called a clause.
Separate the clauses in the following sentences and write the conjunction.
(1) The thief stole the money and he ran away.
Ans:
Clause (1) : The thief stole the money.
Clause (2) : he ran away
Conjunction : and
(2) She told me that she was a doctor.
Ans:
Clause (1) : She told me
Clause (2) : she was a doctor
Conjunction : that
(3) He ran fast but he did not win the race.
Ans:
Clause (1) : He ran fast
Clause (2) : he did not win the race
Conjunction : but
(4) The traveller arrived at the station after the train had left.
Ans:
Clause (1) : The traveller arrived at the station
Clause (2) : the train had left
Conjunction : after
4. Coordination
Observe the clauses in the following sentences.
(1) He is intelligent and he is hardworking.
(2) Asit was tired but he could not rest.
(3) You can go for a walk or you can exercise at home.
(4) Seema has recovered from fever, so she can attend school.
Each of the above sentences has clauses that do not depend on each other for complete sense. They are called Independant or Co-ordinate clauses. They are joined by conjunctions like and, but, or, so. Such conjunctions are called Co-ordinators.
Other Co-ordinators are :
- as well as / not only…… but also
- yet / still / however / nevertheless
- or / nor / else / either….. or / neither ….. nor / so / therefore / thus / hence / for
From the sentences given in Activity 2 pick out two sentences having Co-ordinate Clauses. Point out the Co-ordinators.
(i) I was given a bath and I wore a surgical gown.
Ans:
Coordinate Clause (i): I was given a bath.
Coordinate Clause (ii): I wore a surgical gown.
Conjunction: and
(ii) The doctor took an X-ray of my ankle and he found a fracture in my ankle.
Ans:
Coordinate Clause (i): The doctor took an X-ray of my ankle.
Coordinate Clause (ii): He found a fracture in my ankle.
Conjunction: and
In Between the Lesson!
Q1. Why did doctors begin to use anaesthesia?
Ans: The doctors began to use anesthesia to reduce the patients’ pain during operations. The doctors had to cut open the part of the body that was not healthy, remove it, or set it right. So the doctors used anesthesia for painless surgical operations.
Q2. Why had cardiac surgery not developed?
Ans: Cardiac surgery had not developed before 1893 because doctors did not have modern medical tools and procedures essential for heart surgery.
Q3 What had the patient James Cornish suffered from?
Ans: The patient, James Cornish, had suffered from a very serious knife wound. The knife had cut an artery less than an inch from his heart and punctured the pericardium (the sack around the heart).
Q4. What kind of cardiac surgery is done nowadays?
Ans: Open-heart surgery is performed nowadays. Open-heart surgery helps to repair heart defects and heart valves, and even replace them. Today, with proper measures, patients can recover from cardiac surgery faster than they did before.
Q5. Who do neurosurgeons operate upon and on what body parts?
Ans: Neurosurgeons treat patients of all ages, from the new-born to the elderly, who have suffered a stroke. They operated on the brain, the spine or nerves.
Q6. What is Da Vinci?
Ans: Da Vinci is the world’s most advanced surgical robot.
Q7. What are the advantages of Robotic Surgery?
Ans: The advantages of Robotic surgery are that there are minimal incisions on the body, time is consumed less, latest instruments and technologies are used. Robot carries out the surgery under the supervision of the surgeon and lastly the adverse effects of an open surgery is also averted.
ENGLISH WORKSHOP
1. Read the lesson and name the following.
(a) The first surgeon to perform operations
Ans: Sushruta
(b) Anaesthetics used from mid 19th century
Ans: Ether and chloroform
(c) The first successful Cardiac Surgeon
Ans: Dr. Williams
(d) A sack around the heart
Ans: pericardium
(e) The father of modern neurosurgery
Ans: Harvey Cushing
(f) The world’s most advanced surgical robot
Ans: The Da Vinci.
2. Match the terms in ‘A’ with their explanation in ‘B’.
| ‘A’ | ‘B’ |
|---|---|
(1) tooth – extraction | (a) a cut made for surgery |
(2) cardiac | (b) having length, breadth and depth |
(3) sedative | (c) plastic surgery |
(4) tumour | (d) related to the heart |
(5) incision | (e) a control unit for a robotic surgery |
(6) a console | (f) removing a decayed tooth |
(7) 3-D | (g) substance that makes a person sleep |
(8) Cushing clip | (h) an extra growth in the body |
(i) a device to stop blood loss in neurosurgery |
Ans:
| ‘A’ | ‘B’ |
|---|---|
(1) tooth – extraction | (f) removing a decayed tooth |
(2) cardiac | (d) related to the heart |
(3) sedative | (g) substance that makes a person sleep |
(4) tumour | (h) an extra growth in the body |
(5) incision | (a) a cut made for surgery |
(6) a console | (e) a control unit for a robotic surgery |
(7) 3-D | (b) having length, breadth and depth |
(8) Cushing clip | (i) a device to stop blood loss in neurosurgery |
3. Fill in the web with words related to ‘Surgery’.
Ans:
4. Write 3 to 4 lines about each of the following in your own words.
(a) ‘Sushruta Samhita’
Ans: The Sushruta Samhita is an ancient Sanskrit text on medicine and surgery and one of the most important treatises on this subject to survive from the ancient world. It is thought that Sushruta was probably the first surgeon to perform surgical operations.
(b) First Cardiac Surgery
Ans: The first cardiac surgery was done by Dr. Williams. A patient, James Cornish, was suffering from a very serious knife wound, and the knife had cut an artery less than an inch from his heart. It had punctured the pylorus. Dr. Williams and six staff doctors performed a complicated and daring operation and repaired the heart. This became the first successful cardiac surgery.
(c) First Neurosurgeon
Ans: Harvey Cushing was the first neurosurgeon and is considered to be the father of modern neurological surgery. In the early part of the 20th century, he developed basic techniques and instruments for operating on the brain. Cushing reduced the mortality rate for neurosurgery from 90% to less than 10%. By 1937, when he retired, he had successfully removed more than 2,000 tumors. One of his most significant achievements was the development of a method to stem blood loss by inventing a clip called the ‘silver clip’ or the ‘Cushing clip’.
(d) The Robotic Surgery
Ans: Robotic surgery, or robot-assisted surgery, allows doctors to perform many types of complex procedures with more precision, flexibility, and control than is possible with conventional techniques. It is a type of minimally invasive surgery. Use is made of miniature surgical instruments that fit through quarter-inch incisions. Robotic surgery gives the surgeon a 3-D view of the operating site. Every movement he makes with the master controls is replicated accurately by the robot. When necessary, the surgeon can even change the scale of the robot’s movements. Surgeons can use this technology to perform complex surgical procedures.
5. (A) Fill in the gaps in the table of Degrees of Comparison.
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative | |
|---|---|---|---|
(1) | …………… | …………… | oldest |
(2) | …………… | healthier | …………… |
(3) | near | …………… | …………… |
(4) | …………… | finer | …………… |
(5) | …………… | …………… | earliest |
(6) | small | …………… | …………… |
(7) | …………… | faster | …………… |
(8) | high | …………… | …………… |
Ans:
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative | |
|---|---|---|---|
(1) | old | older | oldest |
(2) | health | healthier | healthiest |
(3) | near | nearer | nearest |
(4) | fine | finer | finest |
(5) | early | earlier | earliest |
(6) | small | smaller | smallest |
(7) | fast | faster | fastest |
(8) | high | higher | highest |
(B) Adjectives that have more than two syllables (long words) take ‘more’ and ‘most’ before them to form Comparative and Superlative degrees.
For example :
successful – Positive Degree
more successful – Comparative Degree
most successful – Superlative Degree
Give the Comparative and Superlative forms of –
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative | |
|---|---|---|---|
(1) | ancient | ………….. | ………….. |
(2) | special | ………….. | ………….. |
(3) | significant | ………….. | ………….. |
(4) | advanced | ………….. | ………….. |
(5) | accurate | ………….. | ………….. |
Ans:
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative | |
|---|---|---|---|
(1) | ancient | more ancient | most ancient |
(2) | special | more special | most special |
(3) | significant | more significant | most significant |
(4) | advanced | more advanced | most advanced |
(5) | accurate | more accurate | most accurate |
6. Join the sentences using appropriate Co-ordinators. (but, or, so, and)
(a) There was a lack of technology. Major surgery could not develop for centuries.
Ans: There was a lack of technology, so major surgery could not develop for centuries.
(b) Cardiac Surgery was tried in the past. Patients did not survive.
Ans: Cardiac surgery was tried in the past, but patients did not survive.
(c) He places his fingers into the master controls. He operates all four arms of the Da vinci.
Ans: He places his fingers into the master controls, and he operates all four arms of the Da Vinci.
(d) Open heart surgery can help to repair heart valves. It can also replace them.
Ans: Open-heart surgery can help to repair heart valves, or it can also replace them.
(e) Heart patients were treated with sedatives. They did not survive.
Ans: Heart patients were treated with sedatives, but they did not survive.
(f) These procedures can be performed through very small incisions. Our patients experience a number of benefits.
Ans: These procedures can be performed through very small incisions, so our patients experience a number of benefits.
7. Write in your notebook an imaginary telephonic conversation between you and your family doctor’s secretary, asking for an appointment to consult the doctor for a health problem you are suffering from. Begin with ……….
Secretary : Good morning ! This is XYZ Clinic. How can I help you?
Myself : Good morning ! I am
(Now continue……)
Ans:
You: Hello, is this doctor Amaan’s clinic?
Doctor’s Secretary: Yes, how may I help you?
You: I am Sumit; actually, I want an appointment with the doctor. I am not feeling well for a few days.
Doctor’s Secretary: Just wait; let me check tomorrow’s schedule; he is too busy to see any patients today. Will tomorrow be alright?
You: Tomorrow will be too late! Could you give me today’s time? It is urgent. I’m in pain
Doctor’s Secretary: Oh! Then you can come anytime; I will arrange a special appointment with you for which you will have to pay a little more.
You: Thanks. Payment is not an issue. I will come at 4:30 p.m. in the evening.
Doctor’s Secretary: Okay! See you in the evening, take care.
You: Sure, Thankyou.